Работа с cURL в PHP

[Intel]

Руководство по использованию cURL для HTTP запросов, работы с API и загрузки данных.

Базовый GET запрос

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.example.com/data');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);

$response = curl_exec($ch);
$httpCode = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);

if ($httpCode == 200) {
    echo $response;
} else {
    echo "Ошибка: HTTP код " . $httpCode;
}

curl_close($ch);
?>

POST запрос с данными

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.example.com/post');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, http_build_query([
    'name' => 'Иван',
    'email' => 'ivan@example.com'
]));
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);

echo $response;
?>

POST запрос с JSON

<?php
$data = json_encode(['name' => 'Иван', 'age' => 25]);

$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.example.com/json');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $data);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, [
    'Content-Type: application/json',
    'Content-Length: ' . strlen($data)
]);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);

echo $response;
?>

Запрос с заголовками

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.example.com/data');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, [
    'Authorization: Bearer token123',
    'X-API-Key: your-api-key',
    'Accept: application/json'
]);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
?>

Обработка ошибок

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.example.com/data');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 30);

$response = curl_exec($ch);

if (curl_errno($ch)) {
    echo "Ошибка cURL: " . curl_error($ch);
} else {
    $httpCode = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
    if ($httpCode == 200) {
        echo $response;
    } else {
        echo "HTTP ошибка: " . $httpCode;
    }
}

curl_close($ch);
?>

Загрузка файла

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.example.com/upload');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, [
    'file' => new CURLFile('local_file.txt', 'text/plain', 'file.txt')
]);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
?>

Сохранение ответа в файл

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://example.com/image.jpg');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

$data = curl_exec($ch);
file_put_contents('downloaded_image.jpg', $data);

curl_close($ch);
?>

Множественные запросы

<?php
$urls = [
    'https://api.example.com/data1',
    'https://api.example.com/data2',
    'https://api.example.com/data3'
];

$mh = curl_multi_init();
$ch = [];

foreach ($urls as $i => $url) {
    $ch[$i] = curl_init();
    curl_setopt($ch[$i], CURLOPT_URL, $url);
    curl_setopt($ch[$i], CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
    curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch[$i]);
}

$running = null;
do {
    curl_multi_exec($mh, $running);
    curl_multi_select($mh);
} while ($running > 0);

foreach ($ch as $i => $handle) {
    $response = curl_multi_getcontent($handle);
    echo "Ответ $i: " . $response . "\n";
    curl_multi_remove_handle($mh, $handle);
    curl_close($handle);
}

curl_multi_close($mh);
?>

Класс для работы с API

<?php
class ApiClient {
    private $baseUrl;
    private $apiKey;
    
    public function __construct($baseUrl, $apiKey) {
        $this->baseUrl = $baseUrl;
        $this->apiKey = $apiKey;
    }
    
    public function get($endpoint, $params = []) {
        $url = $this->baseUrl . $endpoint;
        if (!empty($params)) {
            $url .= '?' . http_build_query($params);
        }
        
        $ch = curl_init();
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, [
            'Authorization: Bearer ' . $this->apiKey
        ]);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
        
        $response = curl_exec($ch);
        $httpCode = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
        curl_close($ch);
        
        if ($httpCode == 200) {
            return json_decode($response, true);
        }
        
        return false;
    }
    
    public function post($endpoint, $data) {
        $ch = curl_init();
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $this->baseUrl . $endpoint);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, json_encode($data));
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, [
            'Authorization: Bearer ' . $this->apiKey,
            'Content-Type: application/json'
        ]);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
        
        $response = curl_exec($ch);
        curl_close($ch);
        
        return json_decode($response, true);
    }
}

// Использование
$api = new ApiClient('https://api.example.com', 'your-api-key');
$data = $api->get('/users', ['page' => 1]);
$result = $api->post('/users', ['name' => 'Иван']);
?>

Настройка таймаутов

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.example.com/data');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 10); // Общий таймаут
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 5); // Таймаут подключения
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
?>

Следование редиректам

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://example.com');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS, 5);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
?>

Работа с cookies

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://example.com/login');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, http_build_query([
    'username' => 'user',
    'password' => 'pass'
]));
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, 'cookies.txt');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, 'cookies.txt');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);

curl_exec($ch);

// Использование cookies для следующего запроса
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://example.com/profile');
$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
?>

cURL - мощный инструмент для работы с HTTP запросами в PHP. Эти примеры покрывают большинство сценариев использования.